diff --git a/client/js/game_screen/panels.js b/client/js/game_screen/panels.js
index 27a7c94..fb38515 100644
--- a/client/js/game_screen/panels.js
+++ b/client/js/game_screen/panels.js
@@ -442,7 +442,6 @@ export const panelMethods = {
     this.trainModal.close();
     this.buildingsModal.show(
       { id: city.id, name: city.name },
-      (this.snapshot.viewerStats || {}).gdp || 0,
       (this.snapshot.viewerStats || {}).budget || 0,
       BUILDINGS,
       this._cityBuildings.get(city.id) || {}
@@ -453,7 +452,6 @@ export const panelMethods = {
     if (!this.snapshot || !this.buildingsModal.isShowing(this.selectedCityId)) return;
     const stats = this.snapshot.viewerStats || {};
     this.buildingsModal.refresh(
-      stats.gdp || 0,
       stats.budget || 0,
       this._cityBuildings.get(this.selectedCityId) || {}
     );
diff --git a/client/js/modals/buildings.js b/client/js/modals/buildings.js
index e8b1296..929892b 100644
--- a/client/js/modals/buildings.js
+++ b/client/js/modals/buildings.js
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ export class BuildingsModal {
     return !this.$modal.hasClass("hidden") && this.cityId === cityId;
   }
 
-  show(city, gdp, budget, buildings, levels) {
+  show(city, budget, buildings, levels) {
     this.cityId = city.id;
     this.cityName = city.name;
     this.buildings = buildings;
     this.$title.text(`${city.name} — Buildings`);
     this.$list.empty();
     this.rows = buildings.map((proto, index) => this._makeRow(proto, index));
-    this.refresh(gdp, budget, levels);
+    this.refresh(budget, levels);
     this.$modal.removeClass("hidden");
   }
 
@@ -57,27 +57,21 @@ export class BuildingsModal {
     return { proto, index, $name, $effects, $cost, $upgrade, $downgrade };
   }
 
-  refresh(gdp, budget, levels) {
+  refresh(budget, levels) {
     this.$budget.text(`Budget: €${groupDigits(Math.round(budget))}`);
     for (const row of this.rows) {
       const level = levels[row.index] || 0;
-      row.$name.text(`${row.proto.name}   —   Level ${level} / ${row.proto.maxLevel}`);
+      row.$name.text(`${row.proto.name}   —   Level ${level}`);
       row.$effects.text(effectsText(row.proto.effects, level > 0 ? level : 1));
       const parts = [];
-      if (level > 0) parts.push(`Upkeep €${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingUpkeep(row.proto, gdp, level)))}/h`);
-      if (level < row.proto.maxLevel) {
-        parts.push(`Build cost €${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingBuildCost(row.proto, gdp, level)))}`);
-      }
+      if (level > 0) parts.push(`Upkeep €${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingUpkeep(row.proto, level)))}/h`);
+      parts.push(`Build cost €${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingBuildCost(row.proto, level)))}`);
       row.$cost.text(parts.join("   ·   "));
-      if (level < row.proto.maxLevel) {
-        const cost = buildingBuildCost(row.proto, gdp, level);
-        row.$upgrade.text(`Upgrade  €${groupDigits(Math.round(cost))}`).prop("disabled", budget < cost);
-      } else {
-        row.$upgrade.text("Max level").prop("disabled", true);
-      }
+      const cost = buildingBuildCost(row.proto, level);
+      row.$upgrade.text(`Upgrade  €${groupDigits(Math.round(cost))}`).prop("disabled", budget < cost);
       if (level > 0) {
         row.$downgrade
-          .text(`Downgrade  +€${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingRefund(row.proto, gdp, level)))}`)
+          .text(`Downgrade  +€${groupDigits(Math.round(buildingRefund(row.proto, level)))}`)
           .prop("disabled", false);
       } else {
         row.$downgrade.text("Not built").prop("disabled", true);
diff --git a/shared/data/buildings.js b/shared/data/buildings.js
index 31dc5cb..884a7bc 100644
--- a/shared/data/buildings.js
+++ b/shared/data/buildings.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-// Buildings that can be raised in a city. Costs and upkeep scale with the
-// city's share of national GDP, so early levels are cheap and later ones bite.
+// Buildings that can be raised in a city. Build costs are fixed and grow only
+// with the level, with no level cap; upkeep is 1% of that cost, so it follows
+// the level too.
 
 import { EFFECT_GDP, EFFECT_BUDGET_INCOME, EFFECT_RESEARCH, EFFECT_CULTURE, effect } from "./effects.js";
 
@@ -8,13 +9,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "market",
     name: "Market",
     description: "A hub of local trade. Raises national GDP, with diminishing returns.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.01,
+    baseCost: 5_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.6,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.00003,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.5,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_GDP, 0.04, 0.75)],
   },
@@ -22,13 +18,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "bank",
     name: "Bank",
     description: "Channels private wealth into the state coffers. Raises budget income.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.02,
+    baseCost: 10_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.7,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.00004,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.6,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_BUDGET_INCOME, 0.05, 0.7)],
   },
@@ -36,13 +27,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "research_lab",
     name: "Research lab",
     description: "Applies science to industry and government. Produces research points.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.015,
+    baseCost: 100_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.65,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.00005,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.55,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_RESEARCH, 1.0, 0.9)],
   },
@@ -50,13 +36,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "university",
     name: "University",
     description: "Higher education produces research and a little culture.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.025,
+    baseCost: 100_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.7,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.00008,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.6,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_RESEARCH, 2.0, 0.8), effect(EFFECT_CULTURE, 0.5, 0.7)],
   },
@@ -64,13 +45,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "museum",
     name: "Museum",
     description: "Preserves national heritage, strengthening culture against foreign ideas.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.02,
+    baseCost: 50_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.6,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.00005,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.55,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_CULTURE, 1.5, 0.85)],
   },
@@ -78,13 +54,8 @@ export const BUILDINGS = [
     id: "cinema_studio",
     name: "Cinema studio",
     description: "Mass media spreads the nation's culture at home and abroad.",
-    maxLevel: 10,
-    baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.03,
+    baseCost: 50_000_000,
     costAlpha: 1.75,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0.0001,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.65,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [effect(EFFECT_CULTURE, 3.0, 0.7)],
   },
diff --git a/shared/game_state/economy.js b/shared/game_state/economy.js
index 3db7352..f2d5075 100644
--- a/shared/game_state/economy.js
+++ b/shared/game_state/economy.js
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ export const economyMethods = {
     return this._playerAggregates(civ).gdp;
   },
 
-  getPlayerUpkeep(civ, gdp = -1) {
-    let total = this.getBuildingUpkeep(civ, gdp);
+  getPlayerUpkeep(civ) {
+    let total = this.getBuildingUpkeep(civ);
     const battle = this._battleUnitIds();
     for (const unit of this.units) {
       if (unit.civ !== civ) continue;
@@ -100,14 +100,13 @@ export const economyMethods = {
     return total;
   },
 
-  getBuildingUpkeep(civ, gdp = -1) {
+  getBuildingUpkeep(civ) {
     let total = 0;
-    if (gdp < 0) gdp = this.getPlayerGdp(civ);
     for (const city of this.cities) {
       if (city.civ !== civ) continue;
       for (const indexStr of Object.keys(city.buildings)) {
         const index = Number(indexStr);
-        total += buildingUpkeep(this.protoBuildings[index], gdp, city.buildings[indexStr]);
+        total += buildingUpkeep(this.protoBuildings[index], city.buildings[indexStr]);
       }
     }
     return total;
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ export const economyMethods = {
     const incomeSources = this._incomeSources(civ);
     const modifier = incomeSources.reduce((sum, source) => sum + source.effect, 0);
     const income = base * (1 + modifier);
-    const buildingSources = this._buildingUpkeepSources(civ, gdp);
+    const buildingSources = this._buildingUpkeepSources(civ);
     const buildingUpkeep = buildingSources.reduce((sum, source) => sum + source.amount, 0);
     const unitSources = this._unitUpkeepSources(civ);
     const unitUpkeep = unitSources.reduce((sum, source) => sum + source.amount, 0);
@@ -182,13 +181,13 @@ export const economyMethods = {
     return this._sortSources(Array.from(sources.values()));
   },
 
-  _buildingUpkeepSources(civ, gdp) {
+  _buildingUpkeepSources(civ) {
     const sources = new Map();
     for (const city of this.cities) {
       if (city.civ !== civ) continue;
       for (const indexStr of Object.keys(city.buildings)) {
         const index = Number(indexStr);
-        const amount = buildingUpkeep(this.protoBuildings[index], gdp, city.buildings[indexStr]);
+        const amount = buildingUpkeep(this.protoBuildings[index], city.buildings[indexStr]);
         if (amount === 0) continue;
         const entry = sources.get(index) || { label: this.protoBuildings[index].name, kind: "building", amount: 0 };
         entry.amount += amount;
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ export const economyMethods = {
       const gdp = this.getPlayerGdp(civ);
       const modifiers = this.getCivModifiers(civ);
       const income = ECONOMY.budgetIncome(gdp, hours) * (1 + (modifiers[EFFECT_BUDGET_INCOME] || 0));
-      const upkeep = this.getPlayerUpkeep(civ, gdp) * hours;
+      const upkeep = this.getPlayerUpkeep(civ) * hours;
       this.budgets.set(civ, this.getBudget(civ) + income - upkeep);
     }
   },
diff --git a/shared/game_state/orders.js b/shared/game_state/orders.js
index 5e8de6e..55e46fd 100644
--- a/shared/game_state/orders.js
+++ b/shared/game_state/orders.js
@@ -56,9 +56,7 @@ export const orderMethods = {
     const proto = this.protoBuildings[protoIndex];
     const civ = city.civ;
     const level = this.getCityBuildingLevel(city, protoIndex);
-    if (level >= proto.maxLevel) return false;
-    const gdp = this.getPlayerGdp(civ);
-    const cost = buildingBuildCost(proto, gdp, level);
+    const cost = buildingBuildCost(proto, level);
     if (cost > 0 && this.getBudget(civ) < cost) return false;
     if (cost > 0) this.budgets.set(civ, this.getBudget(civ) - cost);
     city.buildings[protoIndex] = level + 1;
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ export const orderMethods = {
     const civ = city.civ;
     const level = this.getCityBuildingLevel(city, protoIndex);
     if (level <= 0) return false;
-    const refund = buildingRefund(proto, this.getPlayerGdp(civ), level);
+    const refund = buildingRefund(proto, level);
     if (refund > 0) this.budgets.set(civ, this.getBudget(civ) + refund);
     if (level <= 1) delete city.buildings[protoIndex];
     else city.buildings[protoIndex] = level - 1;
diff --git a/shared/game_state/serialization.js b/shared/game_state/serialization.js
index 93a167e..e24c5c2 100644
--- a/shared/game_state/serialization.js
+++ b/shared/game_state/serialization.js
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export const serializationMethods = {
     return {
       ...headline,
       budget: this.getBudget(viewerCiv),
-      upkeep: this.getPlayerUpkeep(viewerCiv, headline.gdp),
+      upkeep: this.getPlayerUpkeep(viewerCiv),
       research: this.getResearch(viewerCiv),
       culture: this.getCulture(viewerCiv),
       government: this.getGovernment(viewerCiv),
diff --git a/shared/rules.js b/shared/rules.js
index c0a8750..5b1eee6 100644
--- a/shared/rules.js
+++ b/shared/rules.js
@@ -3,19 +3,23 @@
 
 import { effectValue, CITY_DEFENSE_BONUS } from "./data.js";
 
-export function buildingBuildCost(proto, gdp, level) {
-  return (proto.baseCost + proto.costGdpFraction * Math.max(gdp, 0)) *
-    Math.pow(proto.costAlpha, Math.max(level, 0));
+// Fixed cost of raising a building to `level` (0-indexed: the cost of the next
+// level). It grows only with the level, never with the nation's GDP.
+export function buildingBuildCost(proto, level) {
+  return proto.baseCost * Math.pow(proto.costAlpha, Math.max(level, 0));
 }
 
-export function buildingRefund(proto, gdp, level) {
-  return buildingBuildCost(proto, gdp, level - 1) * proto.refundFraction;
+export function buildingRefund(proto, level) {
+  return buildingBuildCost(proto, level - 1) * proto.refundFraction;
 }
 
-export function buildingUpkeep(proto, gdp, level) {
+// Recurring upkeep of a building kept at `level`, as a fraction of the cost of
+// that level. Like the build cost it follows the level alone, never the GDP.
+export const BUILDING_UPKEEP_FRACTION = 0.01;
+
+export function buildingUpkeep(proto, level) {
   if (level <= 0) return 0;
-  const base = proto.baseUpkeep + proto.upkeepGdpFraction * Math.max(gdp, 0);
-  return base * Math.pow(proto.upkeepAlpha, level);
+  return buildingBuildCost(proto, level - 1) * BUILDING_UPKEEP_FRACTION;
 }
 
 export function buildingEffectValue(proto, stat, level) {
diff --git a/tests/framework/helpers.js b/tests/framework/helpers.js
index c4f7b31..41cfb4f 100644
--- a/tests/framework/helpers.js
+++ b/tests/framework/helpers.js
@@ -93,13 +93,8 @@ export function gdpBuilding(overrides = {}) {
   return {
     id: "test_market",
     name: "Test market",
-    maxLevel: 10,
     baseCost: 100,
-    costGdpFraction: 0.001,
     costAlpha: 2.0,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0,
-    upkeepAlpha: 2.0,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [{ stat: "gdp", baseValue: 0.5, exponent: 1.0 }],
     ...overrides,
diff --git a/tests/game_state_buildings_test.js b/tests/game_state_buildings_test.js
index 701903d..a796075 100644
--- a/tests/game_state_buildings_test.js
+++ b/tests/game_state_buildings_test.js
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ export class GameStateBuildingsTest extends TestCase {
     this.assertFalse(state.requestBuild(cityOf(state, 0).id, index));
   }
 
-  test_request_build_respects_max_level() {
+  test_request_build_has_no_level_cap() {
     const state = smallState();
     state.budgets.set(0, BIG_BUDGET);
-    const index = this.addBuilding(state, gdpBuilding({ maxLevel: 1 }));
-    const cityId = cityOf(state, 0).id;
-    this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(cityId, index));
-    this.assertFalse(state.requestBuild(cityId, index), "already at max level");
+    const index = this.addBuilding(state, gdpBuilding());
+    const city = cityOf(state, 0);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(city.id, index));
+    this.assertEqual(state.getCityBuildingLevel(city, index), 20);
+    this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(city.id, index), "still upgradable past the old cap");
   }
 
   test_request_build_rejects_unknown_targets() {
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ export class GameStateBuildingsTest extends TestCase {
     state.budgets.set(0, BIG_BUDGET);
     const index = this.addBuilding(
       state,
-      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, costGdpFraction: 0, baseUpkeep: 100, upkeepAlpha: 1.0 })
+      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 10_000, costAlpha: 1.0 })
     );
     const before = state.getPlayerUpkeep(0);
     this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(cityOf(state, 0).id, index));
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ export class GameStateBuildingsTest extends TestCase {
   test_research_buildings_accumulate_points_each_hour() {
     const state = smallState();
     state.budgets.set(0, BIG_BUDGET);
-    const building = gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, costGdpFraction: 0, effects: [] });
+    const building = gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, effects: [] });
     building.effects.push({ stat: EFFECT_RESEARCH, baseValue: 2.0, exponent: 1.0 });
     const index = this.addBuilding(state, building);
     this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(cityOf(state, 0).id, index));
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ export class GameStateBuildingsTest extends TestCase {
     state.budgets.set(0, BIG_BUDGET);
     const index = this.addBuilding(
       state,
-      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, costGdpFraction: 0, baseUpkeep: 100, upkeepAlpha: 1.0, effects: [] })
+      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 10_000, costAlpha: 1.0, effects: [] })
     );
     this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(cityOf(state, 0).id, index));
     const breakdown = state.viewerStats(0).breakdown;
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ export class GameStateBuildingsTest extends TestCase {
     const effect = { stat: EFFECT_BUDGET_INCOME, baseValue: 0.05, exponent: 1.0 };
     const index = this.addBuilding(
       state,
-      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, costGdpFraction: 0, baseUpkeep: 0, effects: [effect] })
+      gdpBuilding({ baseCost: 0, effects: [effect] })
     );
     this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(cityOf(state, 0).id, index));
     const breakdown = state.viewerStats(0).breakdown;
diff --git a/tests/modals_test.js b/tests/modals_test.js
index b4d0f4c..ced0b78 100644
--- a/tests/modals_test.js
+++ b/tests/modals_test.js
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export class BuildingsModalTest extends TestCase {
       modal.onDemolish = (cityId, index) => {
         demolished = [cityId, index];
       };
-      modal.show({ id: 3, name: "Lyon" }, 1.0e9, 1.0e15, BUILDINGS, {});
+      modal.show({ id: 3, name: "Lyon" }, 1.0e15, BUILDINGS, {});
       this.assertEqual(env.$("#buildings-title").text(), "Lyon — Buildings");
       this.assertSize(env.$("#buildings-list .row-card"), BUILDINGS.length);
       const first = env.$("#buildings-list .row-card").first();
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export class BuildingsModalTest extends TestCase {
       first.find(".actions button").first().click();
       this.assertEqual(built, [3, 0]);
 
-      modal.refresh(1.0e9, 1.0e15, { 0: 1 });
+      modal.refresh(1.0e15, { 0: 1 });
       this.assertTrue(first.find(".name").text().includes("Level 1"));
       first.find(".actions button").eq(1).click();
       this.assertEqual(demolished, [3, 0]);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export class BuildingsModalTest extends TestCase {
     const env = await setupDom();
     try {
       const modal = new BuildingsModal();
-      modal.show({ id: 1, name: "X" }, 1.0e9, 0, BUILDINGS, {});
+      modal.show({ id: 1, name: "X" }, 0, BUILDINGS, {});
       const upgrade = env.$("#buildings-list .row-card").first().find(".actions button").first();
       this.assertTrue(upgrade.prop("disabled"));
     } finally {
diff --git a/tests/regression_test.js b/tests/regression_test.js
index 1744e9d..78b59cc 100644
--- a/tests/regression_test.js
+++ b/tests/regression_test.js
@@ -94,14 +94,13 @@ export class EconomyOrderEdgesTest extends TestCase {
     this.assertNull(state.getTraining(city.id), "nothing is left in the queue");
   }
 
-  test_building_stops_at_the_maximum_level() {
+  test_buildings_have_no_level_cap() {
     const state = smallState();
     const city = cityOf(state, 0);
-    const proto = state.protoBuildings[0];
     state.budgets.set(0, 1e15);
-    for (let i = 0; i < proto.maxLevel; i++) state.requestBuild(city.id, 0);
-    this.assertEqual(state.getCityBuildingLevel(city, 0), proto.maxLevel);
-    this.assertFalse(state.requestBuild(city.id, 0), "cannot build past the cap");
+    for (let i = 0; i < 12; i++) state.requestBuild(city.id, 0);
+    this.assertEqual(state.getCityBuildingLevel(city, 0), 12);
+    this.assertTrue(state.requestBuild(city.id, 0), "levels keep rising without a cap");
   }
 
   test_demolishing_removes_one_level_and_refunds() {
@@ -147,9 +146,8 @@ export class EconomyOrderEdgesTest extends TestCase {
 
   test_buildings_in_the_catalogue_have_a_cost_curve() {
     for (const proto of BUILDINGS) {
-      this.assertTrue(proto.costGdpFraction > 0, `${proto.id} cost fraction`);
+      this.assertTrue(proto.baseCost > 0, `${proto.id} base cost`);
       this.assertTrue(proto.costAlpha > 1, `${proto.id} cost growth`);
-      this.assertTrue(proto.maxLevel >= 1, `${proto.id} max level`);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/rules_test.js b/tests/rules_test.js
index af12851..1dda8ca 100644
--- a/tests/rules_test.js
+++ b/tests/rules_test.js
@@ -25,11 +25,7 @@ import {
 function proto(overrides = {}) {
   return {
     baseCost: 0,
-    costGdpFraction: 0,
     costAlpha: 1.5,
-    baseUpkeep: 0,
-    upkeepGdpFraction: 0,
-    upkeepAlpha: 1.5,
     refundFraction: 0.5,
     effects: [],
     ...overrides,
@@ -38,29 +34,30 @@ function proto(overrides = {}) {
 
 export class RulesTest extends TestCase {
   test_build_cost_grows_exponentially_with_level() {
-    const building = proto({ baseCost: 100, costGdpFraction: 0.01, costAlpha: 2.0 });
-    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 1000, 0), 110);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 1000, 1), 220);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 1000, 2), 440);
+    const building = proto({ baseCost: 100, costAlpha: 2.0 });
+    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 0), 100);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 1), 200);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 2), 400);
   }
 
-  test_build_cost_is_based_on_gdp() {
-    const building = proto({ costGdpFraction: 0.01 });
-    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 5000, 0), 50);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 5000, 0) * 2, buildingBuildCost(building, 10000, 0));
+  test_build_cost_is_fixed_and_independent_of_gdp() {
+    const building = proto({ baseCost: 100, costAlpha: 1.5 });
+    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 0), 100);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingBuildCost(building, 3), 100 * Math.pow(1.5, 3));
   }
 
-  test_upkeep_grows_exponentially_with_level() {
-    const building = proto({ baseUpkeep: 10, upkeepAlpha: 1.5 });
-    this.assertEqual(buildingUpkeep(building, 1000, 0), 0);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingUpkeep(building, 1000, 1), 15);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingUpkeep(building, 1000, 2), 22.5);
+  test_upkeep_is_one_percent_of_the_levels_build_cost() {
+    const building = proto({ baseCost: 100, costAlpha: 2.0 });
+    this.assertEqual(buildingUpkeep(building, 0), 0);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingUpkeep(building, 1), 1);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingUpkeep(building, 2), 2);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingUpkeep(building, 3), 4);
   }
 
   test_refund_is_a_fraction_of_the_removed_level() {
     const building = proto({ baseCost: 100, refundFraction: 0.5 });
-    this.assertApprox(buildingRefund(building, 0, 1), 50);
-    this.assertApprox(buildingRefund(building, 0, 2), 75);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingRefund(building, 1), 50);
+    this.assertApprox(buildingRefund(building, 2), 75);
   }
 
   test_effect_is_linear_or_sublinear() {